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has reasonable evidence

  • 1 evidence

    1. n
    1) данные; факты; основание
    2) доказательство; свидетельство
    3) очевидность; ясность
    4) юр. доказательство; улика; показания
    •

    to be evidence of smth — являться свидетельством чего-л., свидетельствовать о чем-л.

    to find evidence — находить / обнаруживать доказательства

    to give evidence — давать показания; свидетельствовать

    to withhold evidence — утаивать / скрывать улики / факты / данные

    - admissibility of evidence
    - ample evidence     - clear evidence
    - compelling evidence
    - compulsive evidence
    - concrete evidence
    - cumulative evidence
    - documentary evidence
    - eloquent evidence
    - evidence by hearsay
    - evidence given by smb fitted in very closely with what we already knew
    - evidence has been assembled about smth
    - evidence has gone missing
    - evidence in confirming the validity
    - evidence of inflation
    - evidence of recovery
    - evidence speaks for itself
    - fabricated evidence
    - firm evidence
    - forensic evidence
    - fresh evidence
    - further evidence
    - good evidence
    - historical evidence
    - in evidence
    - indirect evidence
    - insufficiency of oral evidence
    - irrefutable evidence
    - law of evidence
    - material evidence
    - mounting evidence of smth
    - original evidence
    - parole evidence
    - physical evidence
    - piece of evidence
    - presumptive evidence
    - production of evidence
    - real evidence
    - reams of evidence
    - reasonable evidence
    - solid evidence     - there is continuing evidence that...
    - there is increasing evidence that...     2. v юр.
    2) доказывать, служить доказательством

    Politics english-russian dictionary > evidence

  • 2 acción compensatoria

    (n.) = anti-dumping action, countervailing action
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (n.) = anti-dumping action, countervailing action

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > acción compensatoria

  • 3 poseer evidencias

    (v.) = have + evidence
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (v.) = have + evidence

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poseer evidencias

  • 4 poseer pruebas

    (v.) = have + evidence
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (v.) = have + evidence

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poseer pruebas

  • 5 producto importado

    m.
    imported good, imported product.
    * * *
    (n.) = import, imported product
    Ex. Permission has been granted to introduce a system of surveillance licensing for the purpose of monitoring imports of low-priced goods, such as clothing and footwear originating in non-EC countries.
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (n.) = import, imported product

    Ex: Permission has been granted to introduce a system of surveillance licensing for the purpose of monitoring imports of low-priced goods, such as clothing and footwear originating in non-EC countries.

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > producto importado

  • 6 causar daño material

    (v.) = cause + material injury
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is causing material injury to EC industry, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (v.) = cause + material injury

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is causing material injury to EC industry, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > causar daño material

  • 7 injustamente

    adv.
    unfairly, unjustly.
    * * *
    1 unjustly, unfairly
    * * *
    ADV (=con injusticia) unjustly, unfairly; (=indebidamente) wrongfully
    * * *
    adverbio unjustly, unfairly
    * * *
    = unfairly, unjustly.
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    Ex. I was accused this morning, I think unjustly, of thinking that all change was good and of equating it with progress.
    ----
    * tratar injustamente = malign.
    * * *
    adverbio unjustly, unfairly
    * * *
    = unfairly, unjustly.

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Ex: I was accused this morning, I think unjustly, of thinking that all change was good and of equating it with progress.
    * tratar injustamente = malign.

    * * *
    unjustly, unfairly
    * * *

    injustamente adverbio unjustly
    ' injustamente' also found in these entries:
    English:
    raw
    - unfairly
    - victimize
    - wrongly
    - hard
    - rightly
    * * *
    unfairly, unjustly

    Spanish-English dictionary > injustamente

  • 8 producto de importación

    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > producto de importación

  • 9 subsidiar

    v.
    to subsidize.
    * * *
    1 to subsidize
    * * *
    * * *
    = subsidise [subsidize, -USA].
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    = subsidise [subsidize, -USA].

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    * * *
    subsidiar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( esp AmL) to subsidize
    * * *
    to subsidize
    * * *
    v/t L.Am.
    subsidize
    * * *
    : to subsidize

    Spanish-English dictionary > subsidiar

  • 10 subvencionar

    v.
    1 to subsidize (precios, industria).
    2 to subvene, to subsidize, to subsidise.
    * * *
    1 to subsidize
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to subsidize
    * * *
    = fund, subsidise [subsidize, -USA], feather-bed.
    Nota: Normalmente, aplicado a las políticas proteccionistas de los gobiernos.
    Ex. Although a few library building projects will be adequately funded, many others will receive only partial funding, and cost will be a major factor in most cases.
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    Ex. Consequently, it came as no surprise when the new Conservative Government was elected in 1979 on a ticket to cut public expenditure and stop feather-bedding consumers.
    ----
    * volver a subvencionar = re-fund.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to subsidize
    * * *
    = fund, subsidise [subsidize, -USA], feather-bed.
    Nota: Normalmente, aplicado a las políticas proteccionistas de los gobiernos.

    Ex: Although a few library building projects will be adequately funded, many others will receive only partial funding, and cost will be a major factor in most cases.

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    Ex: Consequently, it came as no surprise when the new Conservative Government was elected in 1979 on a ticket to cut public expenditure and stop feather-bedding consumers.
    * volver a subvencionar = re-fund.

    * * *
    vt
    to subsidize
    * * *

    subvencionar ( conjugate subvencionar) verbo transitivo
    to subsidize
    subvencionar verbo transitivo to subsidize
    ' subvencionar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    subsidize
    - sponsor
    * * *
    1. [precios, industria] to subsidize
    2. [proyecto, actividad cultural, estudios] to provide financial support for;
    el proyecto está subvencionado por el gobierno the project is financed by a government grant
    * * *
    v/t subsidize
    * * *
    : to subsidize

    Spanish-English dictionary > subvencionar

  • 11 vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen

    (v.) = dump
    Ex. If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.
    * * *
    (v.) = dump

    Ex: If a company has reasonable evidence that an imported product is being dumped or unfairly subsidized, a formal application for anti-dumping or countervailing action may be made to the European Commission.

    Spanish-English dictionary > vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen

  • 12 destruir

    v.
    to destroy.
    El temblor destruyó la pared The quake destroyed the wall.
    Sus trucos destruyeron a María His tricks destroyed Mary.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 to destroy
    2 figurado to destroy, ruin, wreck
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ objeto, edificio] to destroy
    2) (=estropear) [+ amistad, matrimonio, armonía] to wreck, destroy; [+ argumento, teoría] to demolish; [+ esperanza] to dash, shatter; [+ proyecto, plan] to wreck, ruin
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <documentos/pruebas> to destroy; < ciudad> to destroy; < medio ambiente> to damage
    b) ( echar por tierra) < reputación> to ruin; < plan> to wreck; < esperanzas> to dash, shatter

    le destruyó la vida — it/he wrecked o destroyed his/her life

    * * *
    = demolish, destroy, knock out, scupper, wipe out, trash, pull apart, sweep away, knock down, rack [wrack], wreak + destruction, destruct, shred, wreck, decimate, lay + waste to, wash out, run down, break down, blow up, rubbish, stomp + Nombre + out, smash.
    Ex. Having just demolished enumerative classification to some extent in the previous section, it is reasonable to ask how effective menu-based information retrieval systems might be.
    Ex. I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the West Coast.
    Ex. Two years ago Hurricane Hugo nearly knocked out Charleston.
    Ex. This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex. Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.
    Ex. At the same time, the author takes issue with the view that the great libraries of America are being ' trashed' by the rush towards technology.
    Ex. If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. Your note attempts to knock down an assertion not made.
    Ex. Both countries that have been wracked for the last ten years by violent civil wars.
    Ex. The author laments the demise of the paper card catalogue as a 'paroxysm of shortsightedness and antiintellectualism' on the part of over zealous librarians, wreaking destruction in a class with the burning of the library at Alexandria.
    Ex. That means that the abstractions of scientific knowledge reduce the reality and even destruct it.
    Ex. If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.
    Ex. They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.
    Ex. Insect pests decimate a significant proportion of the world's food supply and transmit a number of deadly human diseases.
    Ex. The mutilation of periodicals is laying waste to vital and expensive periodical collections in all kinds of library across the USA, and it seems to strike academic libraries with particular virulence.
    Ex. Some sections of road washed out by flood waters.
    Ex. It really is time we stopped kow-towing to every Tom, Dick and Harry who runs down our industry.
    Ex. It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex. The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.
    Ex. The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.
    Ex. Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex. The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.
    ----
    * chocar destruyendo = smash into.
    * destruir completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.
    * destruir la esperanza = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * destruir un mito = explode + myth.
    * fuego + destruir = fire + destroy.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <documentos/pruebas> to destroy; < ciudad> to destroy; < medio ambiente> to damage
    b) ( echar por tierra) < reputación> to ruin; < plan> to wreck; < esperanzas> to dash, shatter

    le destruyó la vida — it/he wrecked o destroyed his/her life

    * * *
    = demolish, destroy, knock out, scupper, wipe out, trash, pull apart, sweep away, knock down, rack [wrack], wreak + destruction, destruct, shred, wreck, decimate, lay + waste to, wash out, run down, break down, blow up, rubbish, stomp + Nombre + out, smash.

    Ex: Having just demolished enumerative classification to some extent in the previous section, it is reasonable to ask how effective menu-based information retrieval systems might be.

    Ex: I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the West Coast.
    Ex: Two years ago Hurricane Hugo nearly knocked out Charleston.
    Ex: This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex: Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.
    Ex: At the same time, the author takes issue with the view that the great libraries of America are being ' trashed' by the rush towards technology.
    Ex: If solutions are not found to meet this challenge, users' hunger for multimedia could pull the Internet apart.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: Your note attempts to knock down an assertion not made.
    Ex: Both countries that have been wracked for the last ten years by violent civil wars.
    Ex: The author laments the demise of the paper card catalogue as a 'paroxysm of shortsightedness and antiintellectualism' on the part of over zealous librarians, wreaking destruction in a class with the burning of the library at Alexandria.
    Ex: That means that the abstractions of scientific knowledge reduce the reality and even destruct it.
    Ex: If they do muster up the courage to participate, they have learned what it is like to lose: they describe it as being 'slaughtered,' 'blown away,' or ' shredded'.
    Ex: They had made a secret deal with Otto Reich to wreck Cuba's economy.
    Ex: Insect pests decimate a significant proportion of the world's food supply and transmit a number of deadly human diseases.
    Ex: The mutilation of periodicals is laying waste to vital and expensive periodical collections in all kinds of library across the USA, and it seems to strike academic libraries with particular virulence.
    Ex: Some sections of road washed out by flood waters.
    Ex: It really is time we stopped kow-towing to every Tom, Dick and Harry who runs down our industry.
    Ex: It describes our experience in combatting mould which grew as a result of high humidity and temperatures when the air conditioning system broke down for several days after several days of rain.
    Ex: The article 'The library has blown up!' relates the short circuit in the main electrical circuit board of Porstmouth Public Library caused by electricians who were carrying out routine work.
    Ex: The theory of Scandinavian racial purity cherished by Hitler and the Nazis has been rubbished by new scientific research.
    Ex: Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex: The library was badly vandalised and the intruders overturned 10 large bookcases, tore paintings down, emptied catalogues, and smashed intercoms, chairs, tables and windows.
    * chocar destruyendo = smash into.
    * destruir completamente = blow + Nombre + to bits.
    * destruir la esperanza = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * destruir un mito = explode + myth.
    * fuego + destruir = fire + destroy.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹documentos/pruebas› to destroy; ‹ciudad› to destroy
    productos que destruyen el medio ambiente products that damage the environment
    2 (echar por tierra) ‹reputación› to ruin; ‹plan› to ruin, wreck; ‹esperanzas› to dash, shatter
    los problemas económicos destruyeron su matrimonio financial problems wrecked o ruined their marriage
    la droga está destruyendo muchas vidas drugs are wrecking o ruining o destroying the lives of many people
    * * *

     

    destruir ( conjugate destruir) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹documentos/pruebas› to destroy;

    ‹ ciudad› to destroy;
    ‹ medio ambiente› to damage

    ‹ plan› to wreck;
    ‹ esperanzas› to dash, shatter
    destruir verbo transitivo to destroy
    ' destruir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - barrer
    - dinamitar
    - minar
    - socavar
    - anular
    - consumir
    - liquidar
    English:
    destroy
    - flatten
    - gut
    - nuke
    - obliterate
    - shatter
    - zap
    - explode
    - ruin
    - shred
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [destrozar] to destroy
    2. [desbaratar] [argumento] to demolish;
    [proyecto] to ruin, to wreck; [ilusión, esperanzas] to dash; [reputación] to ruin; [matrimonio, relación] to wreck; [pareja] to break up
    3. [hacienda, fortuna] to squander
    * * *
    v/t
    1 destroy
    2 ( estropear) ruin, wreck
    * * *
    destruir {41} vt
    : to destroy
    * * *
    destruir vb to destroy

    Spanish-English dictionary > destruir

  • 13 предлагать

    (= предложить) offer, propose, suggest, recommend
    • Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.
    • Было предложено, чтобы/что... - It has been suggested that...; It has been proposed that...
    • В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...
    • В качестве поддержки для начинающего мы предлагаем следующее. - As encouragement for the beginner, we offer the following.
    • В подобных случаях было предложено... - In such cases it was suggested that...
    • Возможно, мы могли бы предложить в качестве гипотезы (что-л)... - We might perhaps conjecture that...
    • Давайте предложим следующее в качестве пробного решения. - Let us propose the following as a trial solution.
    • Данная диаграмма предлагает объяснение... - This diagram offers a perspective on...
    • Для этого Зоммерфельд предложил (= дал) следующий совет. - То this end, Sommerfeld offered the following words of advice.
    • Другой метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].
    • Изучение логики предлагает (= дает) возможность отточить способности к рассуждениям. - The study of logic offers an opportunity to sharpen one's reasoning skills.
    • Каждодневный опыт предлагает (= дает)... - Everyday experience suggests that...
    • Коши предложил простой метод для проверки сходимости подобных рядов. - Cauchy devised a simple method for determining the convergence of such series.
    • Мы могли бы предложить следующий подход. - We might suggest the following approach.
    • Мы не предлагаем доказывать существование (решения и т. п.)... - We do not propose to prove the existence of...
    • Мы хотели бы предложить следующую альтернативу. - We would like to propose the following alternative.
    • Один очень интересный подход был предложен Смитом [1]. - A very interesting approach has been proposed by Smith [1].
    • Он предлагает новую теорию данного явления. - Не put forward a new theory for this phenomenon.
    • Разумно предложить... - It is reasonable to suggest that...; It stands to reason that...
    • Решение этой дилеммы было предложено Смитом [1] в 1980 г. - A way out of this dilemma was proposed in 1980 by Smith [1].
    • Симметрия (выражения) предлагает (= дает) нам, что... - Symmetry tells us that...
    • Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [1] has proposed a method of calculating...
    • Тем не менее, имеется достаточное основание предложить... - Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to suggest that...
    • Эта аналогия часто используется, чтобы предложить... - The analogy is often used to suggest that...
    • Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает (что-л)... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...
    • Эти данные предлагают, что... - These data suggest that...
    • Это было предложено как объяснение для... -This has been suggested as an explanation for...
    • Это заставило нескольких авторов предложить использование... - This has led several authors to propose the use of...
    • Это объяснение было предложено Смитом [1], который... - This explanation was proposed by Smith [1], who...
    • Этот результат предлагает естественное обобщение... - This result suggests a natural generalization of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > предлагать

  • 14 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 15 doubt

    doubt [daʊt]
    1 noun
    (a) (uncertainty → about fact) doute m, incertitude f;
    ∎ there is now considerable doubt about the convictions on a maintenant de sérieux doutes au sujet des condamnations;
    ∎ beyond all reasonable doubt à n'en pas douter, sans le moindre doute;
    ∎ to raise doubts in sb's mind soulever des doutes dans l'esprit de qn;
    ∎ the whole thing raised doubts about his abilities toute cette affaire a mis ses capacités en question;
    ∎ to cast doubt on sth mettre en doute ou jeter le doute sur qch;
    ∎ the report casts doubt on the police evidence les auteurs du rapport émettent des doutes sur les preuves fournies par la police;
    ∎ to be in doubt (person) être en ou dans le doute; (future, event) être douteux ou incertain;
    ∎ her honesty is in doubt or open to doubt (generally) on a des doutes sur son honnêteté, son honnêteté est sujette à caution; (this time) son honnêteté est mise en doute;
    ∎ we are in no doubt as to his competence nous n'avons aucun doute sur ses compétences;
    ∎ the future of the company is in some doubt l'avenir de l'entreprise est incertain;
    ∎ if or when in doubt s'il y a un doute, en cas de doute;
    ∎ when in doubt, do nothing dans le doute, abstiens-toi;
    ∎ there is some doubt as to whether they paid on n'est pas certain qu'ils aient payé;
    ∎ there is no doubt about it cela ne fait pas de doute;
    ∎ there's no doubt (but) that it will be a difficult journey il n'y a pas de doute que le voyage sera pénible;
    ∎ no doubt sans doute;
    ∎ he'll no doubt be late il sera sûrement en retard;
    ∎ there is room for doubt il est permis de douter;
    ∎ without (any) doubt sans aucun ou le moindre doute
    ∎ I have my doubts about him j'ai des doutes sur lui ou à son sujet;
    ∎ she has her doubts (about) whether it's true elle doute que cela soit vrai;
    ∎ I have no doubt or doubts about it je n'en doute pas
    ∎ I doubt (whether) she'll be there je doute qu'elle soit là;
    ∎ she'll be there - I don't doubt it elle sera là - je n'en doute pas ou j'en suis certain;
    ∎ I doubt it j'en doute;
    ∎ I never once doubted that they would succeed je n'ai pas douté une seule fois qu'ils réussiraient;
    ∎ I doubt if it makes him happy je doute que cela le rende heureux
    (b) (distrust) douter de;
    ∎ there was no doubting their sincerity on ne pouvait pas mettre en doute leur sincérité;
    ∎ she began to doubt the evidence of her own eyes elle n'en croyait pas ses yeux
    (have doubts) douter, avoir des doutes

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > doubt

  • 16 आप्त _āpta

    आप्त p. p. [आप्-क्त]
    1 Got, obtained, gained; ˚कामः, शापः &c.
    -2 Reached, overtaken, equalled, engrossed; यदिदं सर्वं मृत्युनाप्तं सर्वं मृत्युनाभिपन्नं केन यजमानो मृत्योराप्तिमतिमुच्यते Bṛi. Up.3.1.3.
    -3 Reaching to, extending as far as.
    -4 Trustworthy, reliable, credible (as news &c.).
    -5 Trusty, confidential, faithful (person); कुमारभृत्याकुशलैरनुष्ठिते भिषग्भिराप्तैः R.3.12;5.39; आप्ताः सर्वेषु वर्णेषु Ms.8.63.
    -6 (a) Clever, skilful; प्राजकश्चेद्भवेदाप्तः Ms.8.294. (b) Apt, fit.
    -7 Full, complete, abundant; न सत्यं दानमानौ वा यज्ञो वाप्याप्तदक्षिणः Rām.2.3.35. यजेत राजा क्रतुभिर्विविधैराप्त- दक्षिणैः Ms.7.79.
    -8 True, exact.
    -9 Intimate, closely related, acquainted; कन्यायाः किल पूजयन्ति पितरो जामातुराप्तं जनम् U.4.17 relatives; Ms.5.11.
    -1 Appointed.
    -11 Generally received, commonly used; authentic.
    -12 Accused, prosecuted.
    -13 Reasonable, sensible.
    -14 Beneficial, useful; अधिष्ठितं हयज्ञेन सूतेनाप्तोपदेशिना Rām.6.9.1.
    -प्तः 1 A trustworthy, reliable, or fit person; credible person or source, guarantee; आप्तः यथार्थवक्ता T. S.
    -2 A relative, friend; निग्रहात्स्वसुराप्तानां वधाच्च धनदानुजः R.12.52; कथमाप्तवर्गो$यं भवत्याः M.5; Y.1.28, 2.71; Ms.2.19;8.64.
    -3 An Arhat.
    -प्ता A twisted lock of hair (जटा).
    -प्तम् 1 A quotient.
    -2 (In Math.) Equation of a degree.
    -Comp. -आगमः Proper know- ledge परोक्षमाप्तागमात् सिद्धम् Sāṅ. K.6.
    -आधीन a. Depen- dent on trustworthy person.
    -उक्तिः f.
    1 an augment.
    -2 an affix.
    -3 a word of received acceptation and established by usage only; see आप्तवाच् also.
    -काम a.
    1 one who has obtained his desire; येनाक्रमन्त्यृषयो ह्याप्रकामाः Muṇḍa.3.1.6.
    -2 one who has renounced all worldly desires and attachments. (
    -मः) the Supreme Soul.
    -कारिन् a. doing things in a fit or confidential manner; अरक्षिता गृहे रुद्धाः पुरुषैराप्तकारिभिः Ms.9.12. m. a trusty, agent or confidential servant; तस्माद्गच्छन्तु पुरुषाः स्मारणायाप्तकारिणः Mb.3.239.17.
    -गर्भा a pregnant woman.
    -दक्षिण a. having proper or abundant gifts.
    -वचनम् 1 received text or authority, revelation.
    -2 the words of a credible or trustworthy person; R.11.42, इत्याप्तवचनाद्रामो विनेष्यन्वर्णविक्रियाम् 15.48.
    -वाक्यम् a true or correct sentence; आप्तवाक्यं शब्दः T. S.
    -वचनम् above. cf. आप्तश्रुतिराप्तवचनम् तु Sāṅ. K.5.
    -वाच् a. worthy of belief, regarded as authority, one whose words are credible and authoritative; पराति- संधानमधीयते यैर्विद्येति ते सन्तु किलाप्तवाचः Ś.5.25. f.
    1 the advice of a friend or credible person.
    -2 the Vedas or Śruti; a word of authority (said to apply to Smṛitis, Ithihāsas and Purāṇas also, which are considered as authoritative evidence); आप्तवागनुमानाभ्यां साध्यं त्वा प्रति का कथा R.1.28.
    -श्रुतिः f.
    1 the Vedas.
    -2 Smṛitis &c. आप्तश्रुतिराप्तवचनम् तु । Sāṅ. K.5.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > आप्त _āpta

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